A Step-by-Step Guide to Growing Cannabis from Seed

Nurturing Seedlings in Coco Coir

The seedling phase of growing cannabis marks one of the most delicate stages in a plant’s life cycle. When handled correctly, seedlings grow into robust young plants that ultimately become productive. However, inadequate care during this period can lead to stunted growth and unfulfilled potential. Caring for seedlings in coco coir may present its challenges but worry not; we’ve got you covered. In this guide, we will guide you through every aspect of growing cannabis seedlings in coco coir. We’ll provide insights into preparing coco for seedlings, selecting the optimal containers for seedlings in coco, maintaining appropriate relative humidity and temperature for cannabis seedlings. We will also cover ensuring proper lighting, choosing the right fertilizers, addressing the watering needs of seedlings in coco coir, and managing calcium deficiency in seedlings.

This guide focuses on the approximately two-week duration of the seedling phase of growing cannabis. This phase commences when the cotyledons (initial round leaves) unfurl, typically occurring about 3-4 days following seed hydration. The seedling phase continues until the plant has developed three true nodes (groups of serrated leaves). Therefore, the content of this tutorial addresses approximately days 3-15 from the time the seed is planted. If you require guidance for the critical initial 3 days, please refer to our tutorial titled “Beginner Guide to Germinate Cannabis Seeds“.

As your plants continue to grow during the seedling stage, it becomes crucial to consider a transplanting approach. We highly recommend refraining from starting seedlings directly in their final containers. For comprehensive guidance and an explanation of our reasoning, we encourage you to refer to our article titled, “The Importance of Transplanting Cannabis Plants”.

In the end, you’ll want to relocate your plants to their ultimate containers. For valuable advice on pot size and container selection, we invite you to consult our article titled, “Cannabis Plant Training & Care”.

How to Grow Cannabis Seedlings in Coco Coir

1. Buffer the coco to avoid CalMag issues.
2. Start seedlings in small pots
3. Create the right humidity and temperature for seedlings
4. Provide the right light for seedlings
5. Start fertigation (adding fertilizers to the water) 24 hours after the cotyledons open
6. Use this Seedling Blend
7. Dilute the solution to your daily EC targets. Slowly raise EC from 400 to 1000
8. Fertigate daily or twice per day
9. Learn how to treat calcium and magnesium deficiencies in seedlings in coco
10. See example timelines of germination and seedling stages

Growing Cannabis – Coco Coir, CalMag and Seedlings

Before you use coco coir, it’s crucial to rinse, buffer, and mix it with perlite properly. For detailed instructions on this preparation process, please refer to our guide titled “How to Prepare and Buffer Coco Coir.” The buffering step is especially essential when preparing coco coir for plants, particularly clones and seedlings.

As explained in our article “The Importance of using CalMag in Coco,” Coco substrate has a fairly high ability to hold onto nutrients. This is due to it having plenty of cation exchange sites, which are essentially docking stations for cations, or positively charged ions, like calcium (Ca⁺²), magnesium (Mg⁺²), and potassium (K⁺). In addition, coco naturally comes with a high concentration of potassium, since it is part of the material itself. These nutrients will rest in these exchange sites and then are used by the plant when needed.

When growing cannabis it’s important to balance out the ratio of calcium, magnesium, and potassium found on the coco so that the plant receives the correct balance for successful growth and to prevent deficiencies. In order to ensure that the substrate has come equipped with the proper ratio between these competitive cations, a good coco substrate will arrive already buffered with a nutrient solution or with directions on how to buffer it yourself.

After this point, the nutrient buffer on the coco needs to be maintained by always applying a nutrient solution, designed specifically to balance the calcium and magnesium needs of coco. It is also important to water with sufficient drainage, every time you apply the nutrient solution. And, lastly but importantly, avoid applying plain water or a poor nutrient solution.

Damaging the Nutrient Buffer

When plain water is poured over the coco, the coco nutrient buffer becomes damaged as some of the calcium and magnesium on the substrate is displaced from the coco medium and is replaced with potassium. This movement happens due to the nutrient elements on the coco substrate striving for a concentration balance with the nutrient elements in the water.

As a result, the plant does not receive the correct balance of nutrients that it needs and the substrate is also left imbalanced. During subsequent feedings with a proper nutrient solution, the coco substrate will attract some of the nutrients in order to restore its nutrient balance and, as a result, continue to leave a nutrient shortage for the plant. To fix the issue, a balanced, complete nutrient solution would need to be thoroughly flushed through the coco and some time would be needed for the coco buffer to repair.

On-going Buffering

Buffering the coco coir allows you to address most of these cation exchange sites. However, as your plants grow, additional cation exchange sites become exposed, requiring extra CalMag supplementation. Coco coir has a tendency to absorb calcium and magnesium before the plant can access them. If you don’t provide enough, your plant will suffer from calcium and magnesium deficiencies.

Calcium and magnesium deficiencies are frequent issues when growing cannabis in coco coir. Dealing with CalMag problems can be especially challenging during the seedling transition stage because coco coir absorbs calcium and magnesium from the nutrient solution. However, increasing the CalMag dose isn’t a straightforward solution. Clones are sensitive to high Electrical Conductivity (EC) levels, and CalMag significantly affects EC. Therefore, if you encounter calcium or magnesium deficiency problems during the clone transition stage, we provide some suggestions below. Nevertheless, it’s best to prevent these issues from arising in the first place by correctly preparing your coco coir.

How to Ready Coco Coir for Seedlings

Buffering with a strong dose of CalMag prior to using the coco allows you to provide relatively little CalMag during the seedling stage of the grow. However, buffering solutions themselves have a high EC, and seedlings could be burned if they are placed in coco fresh from the buffering process. Therefore, it is important to reduce the residual EC in the coco before transplanting the seedlings.

Buffering before utilizing the coco coir allows for reduced CalMag requirements during the seedling phase of growing cannabis. However, it’s crucial to acknowledge that buffering solutions themselves have a notably high Electrical Conductivity (EC), which could potentially harm seedlings if they are placed directly into coco coir right after the buffering process. Hence, it’s imperative to decrease the remaining EC in the coco coir before transplanting the seedlings.

In my approach to growing cannabis, I begin by preparing and buffering a sufficient amount of coco coir for the final containers. I maintain the majority of the coco coir and perlite mixture in fabric pots, keeping it moist with CalMag Water until it’s needed. When the time comes to introduce seedlings into the coco coir, I fill the seedling containers with the coco coir and perlite blend.

Subsequently, I perform a thorough flush by pouring pure water with a pH of 6.5 through the container until the runoff registers an EC of less than 100 (0.1). This flushing step holds great importance because it helps prevent any potential issues stemming from the lingering high EC resulting from the buffering process, which could otherwise harm your delicate seedlings.

Containers for Seedlings in Coco

We recommend starting the grow of sprouts in either a Rapid Rooter or Jiffy Pellet  before transferring them to coco coir. These peat-based mediums offer a more stable buffer for germinating seeds and young sprouts. For a comprehensive guide on this germination process, please consult our tutorial titled “Beginner Guide to Germinate Cannabis Seeds.”

Once the root of the sprout has emerged through the Rapid Rooter or Jiffy Pellet, it’s time to transplant the young plant into its initial container, where it will spend its seedling phase. We strongly discourage placing small plants directly into larger final containers. As I explain in our article “The Importance of Transplanting Cannabis Plants” there are substantial advantages to starting plants in smaller containers.

When the roots become visible, we recommend moving the plants into either fabric seedling bags or plastic solo cups filled with prepared coco coir. Seedling bags offer an ideal environment for young roots, whereas solo cups are somewhat easier to transplant from at the end of the seedling stage. If you opt for solo cups, be sure to create several drainage holes in the cup’s bottom.

Transplanting from plastic solo cups, can be a bit challenging. For a step-by-step guide with accompanying photos of this process, please refer to our tutorial “The Importance of Transplanting Cannabis Plants.”

The Best Pots for Transplanting Growing Cannabis Plants

Seedling Pots

Ventilated Solo Cups

Ventilated Solo Cups are the good choice for a starting pot, properly ventilated they create an ideal environment for early root development and offer convenience during transplanting. When it’s time to transplant, simply cut open the cup and slide the root ball and media into the fabric pot.

Second Containers

1-Gallon Transplanter Pots

The transplanter pots feature a convenient Velcro seam along the edge, enabling effortless removal of the pot during transplanting. This set includes five 1-Gallon transplanter pots, and they are also offered in a 2-Gallon size.

Final Containers for Growing Cannabis

When selecting the final containers for your growing cannabis plants, it’s important to take into account the type of growing media you’re using. In coco grows, proper drainage is a key consideration. Smaller containers offer better drainage but require more frequent watering. For most coco grows, we recommend using 3 or 5-gallon final containers as they provide an optimal balance.

In soil grows, the availability of root space is more limited, necessitating larger pots for larger plants. For soil, we suggest using 5-10-gallon final containers to accommodate the plant’s size and root development.

Regardless of the chosen media, we highly recommend using either Air-pots or fabric pots. These containers excel at promoting good drainage and creating an ideal environment for root growth, whether you’re using coco or soil.

#3 Air-pot

We are still testing growing cannabis with these pots using coco with an automatic watering system. Early testing has shown great potential, and we will provide our findings in a future article.

#5 Air-Pot

Air-pots are a bit more expensive than fabric pots, but we are hoping they are worth it. If you want to grow giant plants, these #5 air-pots may be what you want.

3-Gallon Fabric Pot

Three-gallon fabric pots are a great option to use with coco. However, due to the breathable nature of these pots you will need to feed your plants often to keep the media from drying out.

5-Gallon Fabric Pot

If you don’t want to feed that often or you want to grow very large plants in coco, you can use these 5-gallon pots.

7-Gallon Fabric Pot

These are the most versatile and least expensive final containers for soil grows. They are also suitable for coco growers who are hand-watering and limited to once daily fertigation.

Climate for Growing Cannabis Seedlings

The humidity and temperature are very important during the early stages of growth with seedlings. Without the right climate characteristics, the young plants will not live up to their full potential. During the seedling stage the relative humidity should remain high, 65 – 80% and the temperature should be moderate, 72-79f (22-26c).

Temperature for Growing Cannabis Seedlings: 72-79f (22-26c)

The temperature that plants grow in has a large influence on the photosynthetic efficiency and respiration. Seedlings are more sensitive than older plants and it is worth the effort to maintain their temperature in a narrower range. If plants are too cold or too hot, growth will be reduced as biological processes, especially photosynthesis, are directly influenced by temperature.

You may need to either heat or cool your seedlings in order to achieve the correct temperature. If a little heat is needed, then you can use a seedling heat mat below your humidity dome. Cooling is more difficult, so be aware that most of the heat comes from the lights and be sure that the lights get good ventilation even if you are trapping the humidity around the plants.

Relative Humidity for Growing Cannabis Seedlings: 65-80%

Humidity and temperature play a crucial role during the initial stages of seedling growth. Without the appropriate environmental conditions, young plants may not thrive as they should. During the seedling stage, it’s vital to maintain a relatively high relative humidity ranging from 65% to 80%, alongside a moderate temperature of 72-79°F (22-26°C). (See, “The Optimal Environment for Growing Cannabis”)

Achieving the right relative humidity (RH) can be accomplished through various methods. Given the small size of the plants during the seedling stage, using a humidity dome is an effective approach. This allows for precise RH control, provided that the plants fit within the dome, and you utilize a hygrometer for monitoring. Alternatively, you can regulate the humidity of the entire grow tent or room using a humidifier. Often, it’s necessary to increase RH levels during the seedling phase. However, if you adopt the high-frequency fertigation method that we recommend (as outlined in “Cannabis Feeding Fundamentals“), the plants will naturally generate sufficient humidity once they transition into their final containers.

Light for Growing Cannabis Seedlings

Young seedlings possess underdeveloped leaves that lack the capacity to efficiently process high levels of light energy. Consequently, during the seedling stage, it’s advisable to maintain a low light intensity. To achieve this, it’s recommended to reserve high-powered grow lights for later stages and opt for low-wattage fluorescent or LED lights for your growing cannabis seedlings. If you have a lux meter or quantum meter, aim to maintain your seedlings within the range of 8000 to 20,000 lux or 100 to 300 umols PPFD. This suggests that a 15-25 watt fluorescent or LED propagation light is ideal for nurturing seedlings.

For the seedling stage of growing cannabis, I employ 23-watt CFLs, which are equivalent to 100-watt traditional bulbs, and each seedling receives its own light source. The distance between your lights and the seedlings should be determined based on the light intensity, and some trial and error may be necessary to find the optimal height. When I initially switch on the lights, I position them approximately 4 inches away from the plants and then adjust them to around 2 inches once the first set of true leaves has developed. To maintain an appropriate environment, I position a thermometer/hygrometer probe adjacent to the seedlings to ensure that both temperature and humidity remain within the desired range, preventing excessive heat and low humidity.

Too Much or Too Little Light for Growing Cannabis Seedlings

Insufficient light exposure can lead to seedling elongation, causing rapid vertical growth. While this might appear to be a positive development, it results in a frail plant structure and hinders overall growth. Conversely, excessive light exposure can harm photosynthetic systems and other cellular components, impeding the plant’s capacity to maintain optimal photosynthesis and growth.

When to initiate the lighting for Growing Cannabis Seedlings

As detailed in our guide, “Beginner Guide to Germinate Cannabis Seeds,” it’s advisable to germinate seeds in darkness to shield the young root from light. However, once the root is situated in the growing medium, and the shoot emerges from the Rapid Rooter or Jiffy Pellet, it’s time to switch on the lights.

In my practice, I maintain my CFL lights on a 24/0 (continuous) lighting schedule until the cotyledons open. After this stage, I transition to an 18/6 lighting schedule. The 18/6 schedule means the lights are on for 18 hours and off for 6 hours. I prefer to schedule the light-off period during the daytime rather than at night, as it facilitates the maintenance of a consistent climate. For additional insights into light cycles and the rationale behind our recommendation for 18/6 lighting during the seedling and vegetative stages, please refer to our article, “Cannabis Light Cycle Fundamentals.”

Fertilizers for Growing Cannabis Seedlings

When cannabis seeds initially sprout, they utilize the energy stored within the seed for their initial growth and development. However, this stored energy is quickly exhausted. Consequently, plants must rapidly grow their leaves to capture their own energy through photosynthesis. It’s essential to understand that plants do not derive their energy from fertilizers; instead, they harness energy from light and convert it through photosynthesis. The fertilizers we provide serve the purpose of enabling efficient photosynthesis, but they are not a form of “food” that plants “consume” for energy.

Until a plant unfolds its leaves, it lacks the capability to engage in photosynthesis. Therefore, it’s advisable to abstain from using any fertilizers and maintain germinating seeds and sprouts in low Electrical Conductivity (EC) water. However, once the cotyledons unfurl, the plant will initiate its capacity to utilize light energy for photosynthesis.

Micro and Macro Nutrient Requirements for Growing Cannabis Seedlings

Plants can only engage in photosynthesis when they have access to both micro and macro nutrients. In the case of coco coir, which is an inert medium, the plant receives nutrients solely through the irrigation water we provide. This concept is extensively discussed in my articles “Cannabis Feeding Fundamentals” and “Understanding Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Osmosis” Fertigation, as a practice, always demands a delicate balance. On one hand, supplementing nutrients to the water supports plant growth, while on the other hand, an excessive amount can hinder the plant’s ability to absorb water. It’s particularly critical during the seedling stage to ensure that the nutrient solution’s strength, as measured by Electrical Conductivity (EC), is precisely calibrated.

I suggest initiating fertigation (the addition of fertilizer to the irrigation water) when two specific criteria have been met:

1. The cotyledons have been open for 24 hours, and
2. The seedling has been transferred into its initial container filled with coco/perlite.

In cases where the cotyledons have already opened before transplanting into coco, it is advisable to presoak the coco in the seedling pot using nutrient solution at the correct pH and EC before introducing the seedlings.

Nutrient Solutions for Growing Cannabis Seedlings in Coco Coir

To achieve the right blend of solutions with the correct Nutrient Element Ratio (NER), appropriate electrical conductivity (EC) strength, and optimal pH, it’s crucial to adhere to several essential steps. Before you proceed further, I recommend watching my video and reviewing our guide titled “How to Mix Nutrient Solutions.” This resource provides valuable insights into the precise order of mixing and preparation.

Electrical Conductivity (EC) for Growing Cannabis Seedlings

Seedlings should be introduced to a nutrient solution with an exceptionally low EC measurement. In the initial couple of fertigations, it’s recommended to maintain an EC of only 400. As demonstrated in the example timelines below, you can begin to incrementally increase the inflow EC by 75-100 points with each successive fertigation, starting from the third one. This gradual elevation in EC allows the plants to develop tolerance and ultimately thrive under higher EC conditions, which is advisable for the remainder of the growth cycle. For more detailed guidance on establishing EC targets, please refer to our tutorial titled “Setting EC Targets.”

Nutrient Formula for Growing Cannabis Seedlings

The 420 Grow Help Nutrient Schedule is designed around the General Hydroponics Flora Series Line. If you happen to be using a different product line, it’s essential to adhere to the ratios recommended by your supplier for the base nutrients. The 420 Grow Help Seedling Blend Recipe generates a nutrient solution with an EC of approximately 1000, which is too concentrated for the initial feeding. To achieve the desired EC level for each feeding, it’s necessary to dilute the solution with water.

During the seedling stage, plants require only minimal quantities for each feeding. Depending on the number of plants in your cultivation, one or two gallons of full-strength solution typically prove adequate for an entire week. My approach involves preparing one gallon of undiluted seedling blend solution before the initial feeding. I ensure that the EC measures around 1000 and carefully adjust the pH for the entire gallon. Subsequently, I use water to dilute the solution to attain the target EC for each individual feeding.

420 Grow Help Seedling Blend

Nutrient	Amount in ml/gal
CalMag	5.0
Flora micro	1.25
Flora grow	0.6
Flora bloom	0.6
Diamond Nectar	2.5

Proper pH Levels for Growing Cannabis Seedlings in Coco Coir

Throughout the seedling stage in coco coir, I maintain the pH of my incoming water within the range of 6.2 to 6.4. This range is selected to enhance calcium solubility during this critical phase. However, as I will be diluting the solution for each fertigation event, the pH of the solution may slightly increase. To account for this, I initially set the pH of the full gallon to be either 6.0 or 6.1.

Achieving Your Target EC through Dilution

Once I’ve successfully mixed the gallon, I take a small portion of it and gradually dilute it with filtered or bottled water until I reach the desired EC level for that particular fertigation. Before applying the solution to the coco, I ensure that the pH falls within the range of 6.2 to 6.4. Adjusting the pH accurately in a small sample of solution can be quite challenging. Therefore, if the pH deviates from the target range, it’s advisable to pour that water back and begin the process anew. In such cases, I return to the gallon and modify the pH, taking into account how the sample was influenced by dilution during the initial attempt.

Watering Growing Cannabis Seedlings in Coco Coir

It’s crucial to prevent coco coir from becoming excessively dry. Consequently, seedlings should be watered once or twice daily once they are situated in their seedling pots containing coco/perlite. Since the seedling pots are compact, and you should never let them become overly dry, the quantity of water required for each watering event is minimal. Initially, begin with daily watering, but as you progress to the third or fourth day of fertigation, you can elevate the frequency to twice daily.

We use a large 60ml oral syringe for feeding my young seedlings. This enables me to administer water in a controlled and gradual manner. When it comes to the seedling pot, where the Rapid Rooter or Jiffy Pellet is positioned at the center, it’s advisable to steer clear of watering the top of the Rapid Rooter or Jiffy Pellet. To facilitate drainage and encourage root development, it’s best to avoid wetting the surface of the Rapid Rooter or Jiffy Pellet. The use of the watering syringe allows for precise and careful watering around the pellet or rooter, ensuring the coco is thoroughly saturated.

Addressing Calcium Deficiency in Growing Cannabis Seedlings

During the seedling stage, a delicate equilibrium exists between the calcium requirements of the coco coir and the seedlings’ limited tolerance for high Electrical Conductivity (EC). Even with thorough preparation, you may encounter issues related to calcium or magnesium deficiency while nurturing seedlings in coco coir. Properly buffering your coco coir is an essential step to ensure a smooth seedling stage. I recommend referring to our tutorial titled “How to Prepare and Buffer Coco Coir” for detailed guidance on this process. When the coco coir is adequately buffered, these problems can be effectively managed and will naturally diminish as soon as you transition to fertigating with full-strength solution.

Calcium Deficiency: A Common Challenge

Among the potential issues you may come across, calcium deficiency stands out as the most frequent concern. The initial indicator of calcium deficiency is a subtle twisting of the leaves, sometimes resulting in a wavy appearance along the leaf edges. This symptom is often observed on the leaves of seedlings at the first two nodes. As the condition advances, brown spots may begin to develop on the leaves.

Treating CalMag Problems Step 1: CalMag Foliar

As soon as you see the first indications of seedling calcium deficiency begin treating them twice daily with a CalMag foliar spray. Plants can absorb calcium through their leaves and in this way the plant can get it without having to compete with the coco for it. As a foliar application, the seedlings can handle a full-strength dose of CalMag. That is 5ml of General Hydroponics Calimagic per gallon. However, you can mix a smaller batch, just add enough CalMag so that the EC is 800. pH should be above 6.2. Adding a wetting agent to the foliar solution is optional. It is best to use a pressure sprayer to apply the foliar as this will deliver a fine mist, however, you could use any spray bottle. Continue the foliar treatment until the seedlings are on the full-strength seedling blend.

Treating CalMag Problems Step 2: Substitute CalMag Water at Target EC

If symptoms persist and worsen despite the foliar treatment, it’s advisable to replace the regular nutrient solution with CalMag water as needed. Depending on the severity, this substitution can be done at intervals of up to every other fertigation. This approach serves to meet the coco coir’s calcium requirements but may slightly compromise the plant’s access to other nutrients. It’s crucial to ensure that the CalMag water matches the same EC level as the water it’s replacing.

When confronted with calcium deficiencies during the seedling stage, it’s vital to assess the quality of the coco coir and the effectiveness of your buffer before proceeding with transplantation. With proper preparation and buffering of the coco coir for the subsequent transplant, ongoing issues can be averted, allowing for a return to standard management practices. I encourage you to consult our article titled “The Importance of using CalMag in Coco” for more insights.

Example Growing Cannabis Seedling Timelines

The following timeline is offered to give an understanding of the application of the principles outlined in this tutorial. Understand that each grow and each plant are a little different. Be sure to follow the growth and development of your plant to determine how to care for it.

Hours in Stage 1	GERMINATION STAGE
Hour 0	Seed placed in cup of water
Hour 2	Seed placed between wet paper towels in sealed container
Hour 36	Seed observed with tail
Hour 48	Sprout transferred to Jiffy Pellet
Hour 60	Head-up, Lights turned on (24/0)
Hour 72	Seed casing shed
Hour 82	Cotyledons Open (Start 18/6 lighting)

Growing Cannabis Next Steps

When your small plants reach the stage of having three nodes, they have transitioned beyond the seedling phase and can now be classified as young plants. Typically, they will be prepared for transplantation from their seedling pots to their next growing environment. If all progresses smoothly, you should reach this stage approximately two weeks after germination. However, it’s important to exercise patience with your young seedlings, as the timeline may vary, and it’s essential to observe and respond to their specific needs.

To handle the next stages of your grow like a pro, be sure to see our article/tutorials, “The Importance of Transplanting Cannabis Plants” and “Cannabis Plant Training & Care”.

Related Articles

• Beginner Guide to Germinate Cannabis Seeds
• The Importance of Transplanting Cannabis Plants
• Cloning Cannabis Plants 101

Product & Equipment Guide

Set-up Your Grow

• Grow Lights
• Grow Set-up
• Pots & Media
• Measuring Equipment
• How To Projects

Growing Cannabis

• Cannabis Seeds
• Fertilizers & Supplements
• Propagation Supplies
• Plant Training & Care
• Harvest & Processing

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